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A short overview of the evolution of botulinum toxin type A formulations

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum [1]. BoNT-A has been used for various therapeutic and aesthetic purposes, including the treatment of muscle disorders, chronic pain and facial wrinkles [2-4]. Over the...

When a patient asks for your insurance details…

Coming from a patient, the question “Do you have insurance?” is almost certain to put a medical practitioner on edge. Not being a common query, many do not have a ready answer and instead have to grapple with some questions...

Cleft lip and palate care in low resource countries

The author explains why the traditional ‘humanitarian mission’ style of charity work needs to change and how the charity CLEFT is making an impact. It is estimated that between 150,000 and 250,000 babies are born each year worldwide with clefts...

Choosing a 3D printer for reconstructive surgery

3D printing was first developed in the 1980s, but it wasn’t until the early 2010s that the additive manufacturing or 3D printing technology advanced enough to become available to those outside of specialist laboratories. 3D printing has also begun to...

Rejuvenation of the forehead: correction of the frontal concavity

During the ageing process, many different anatomical changes contribute to the aged appearance of the face [1]. Focusing on the forehead, typical age-related changes are regression of the hairline, solar damage, skin laxity, dynamic wrinkles, reduction of fat and bone...

Combined procedures: lipo-abdominoplasty and lipo-inner thighplasty (string technique) and face rejuvenation

From liposuction to adipose stem cells; from regenerative medicine to tissue engineering; and a vision of the future. Part 2 With the evolution of superficial suction lipectomy in the 1990’s the need for skin resection became less common and the...

A picture is worth a thousand words… communicating with your patients more effectively

Communicating information effectively with patients is essential yet often challenging. Plastic Surgeon Gavin Miller takes us through his approach to using online resources to make the process as effective as possible. Getting ideas across to other people isn’t always easy,...

Psychological outcomes following ultrasound-assisted gynaecomastia reduction in adult men

Gynaecomastia is a common condition that is said to affect 30-65% of men worldwide. Regardless of the severity of the condition, many men that are affected by their gynaecomastia, suffer considerable social embarrassment. The incidence appears to be increasing as...