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Soft tissue augmentation – a review

The author explains how treating the face as a 3D structure is key to a good result with invasive or non-invasive procedures. History Rejuvenation of the face and trying to reverse the effects of ageing dates back centuries. Facial volume...

Reconstructive Surgery in Post Colonial Africa

Both plastic and maxillo-facial surgery developed out of armed combat. Initially, general surgeons attached to the military might perform reconstructive attempts, but more realistically and pragmatically, destructive surgery was more suited to their situation. Amputation of limbs undoubtedly saved lives...

Cryolipolysis: a review of published clinical data

Definition: Cryolipolysis is derived from the greek language, describing ‘cold’ and ‘fat breakdown’. History The actual phenomenon of cold induced adipocyte necrosis was originally described by Epstein et al. in 1970 who had reported the presence of a “red indurated...

The importance of skin preparation

With both aesthetic procedures and antibiotic resistance on the rise, good skin disinfection to reduce the risk of infection is more vital than ever. Anna Baker takes us through the evidence behind commonly used skin preparation formulations for aesthetic injectable...

An anecdotal and historical review of the median forehead flap

The specialty of plastic surgery has roots stretching back centuries. Here HS Adenwalla, renowned cleft surgeon, provides a fascinating account of the development of the median forehead flap. In the early 1970s a young boy of 16-years-old was brought to...

Contemporary aesthetic management strategies for deficient jaw angles

Facial aesthetics in the lower facial third is strongly influenced by mandibular profile with the mandibular angle playing an important role. The youthful appearance of a well-defined jaw line and angle, which is regularly seen among leading movie actors, is...