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Focus on Cosmeceuticals: Skin anatomy and photoageing

Skin anatomy The skin of the face provides crucial functions of temperature regulation, reparative functions following injury, facial expression, protective mechanisms against infection and ultraviolet radiation, as well as sensory perception. The integument consists of two principle layers, the epidermis...

Mid-facial augmentation with malar implants

The authors guide us through facial augmentation using implants to restore volume and a youthful appearance. In today’s ‘selfie-obsessed’ culture, there is no other anatomical region which carries greater social prestige and importance, than a well-proportioned ‘youthful’ face. In particular,...

The Challenge of Renaissance, not Reconstruction: the aftermath of an acid attack

What madness makes a human being perpetrate a crime that is so horrible, so evil that makes it a capital offense (in Bangladesh) even though the death involved is of a person who remains alive? The motivation behind an interpersonal...

Melasma treatment – what have we achieved in 42 years?

Melasma is a hyperpigmentation disorder which has been the subject of intense research over the last 40 years. As yet no definitive therapeutic strategy has been demonstrated to eradicate it or to avoid relapse. The author provides an up to...

The three stages of breast reconstruction

Breast cancer has become so common that most people reading this article will know someone (either professionally or personally) who has been affected by breast cancer. One of the most common treatments for breast cancer is removal of the ‘whole’...

Filler complications: is there a way to prevent vascular compromise with 3D-anatomy?

The use of facial filler injections has increased dramatically over the last 10 years and so has the incidence of complications. The main and most serious adverse event is vascular compromise. The most feared consequences are devastating: blindness, skin necrosis...

The medial gastrocnemius flap

This classic muscle flap is now being used with increasing frequency following revision knee joint surgery. Following the Nahai and Mathes classification, the gastrocnemius muscle is a Type I muscle with a single dominant vascular pedicle (Figure 1). The gastrocnemius...

Perfecting the pout

From Hollywood lips to Essex lips, non-surgical lip augmentation has gained popularity in recent years with aesthetic patients. A 2019 article in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology concluded that the non-surgical correction of the projection of the forehead profile and...

Recognising the key tear trough ligaments

This article has been verified for CPD. Click the button below to answer a few short questions and download a form to be included in your CPD folder. The anatomical understanding of the periorbital ligaments is critical for mastering tear...