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A short overview of the evolution of botulinum toxin type A formulations

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum [1]. BoNT-A has been used for various therapeutic and aesthetic purposes, including the treatment of muscle disorders, chronic pain and facial wrinkles [2-4]. Over the...

Filler complications: is there a way to prevent vascular compromise with 3D-anatomy?

The use of facial filler injections has increased dramatically over the last 10 years and so has the incidence of complications. The main and most serious adverse event is vascular compromise. The most feared consequences are devastating: blindness, skin necrosis...

Tranexamic acid and platelet rich plasma in the treatment of melasma: efficacy and safety

Melasma is a common, acquired, progressive, often symmetrical macular hypermelanosis that is usually localised on the face and more frequently on the forehead, upper lip, central and malar area of the face. It is triggered by a variety of factors,...

Fat grafting the buttock: facts and myths

Following the widely reported death of a British patient undergoing the procedure, can there be a place for the ‘Brazilian Butt Lift’ in plastic surgery? Professor James Frame takes a look at this controversial topic.

Acid attacks: part 2

The PMFA Journal Editor Andrew Burd continues with his exploration of the optimum treatment protocol for managing the devastating injuries wrought by acid attacks (see Part 1 here). In part one of this series I outlined the evolution of my...

Focus: Opinions on regulation

Dalvi Humzah Regulation in the aesthetics industry In this issue we have invited commentaries on regulation within aesthetics, in particular the voluntary register set up by the Joint Council for Cosmetic Practitioners (JCCP). Many medical practitioners are concerned regarding the...

Safety and risks of local anaesthesia and regional blocks in plastic surgery

The current COVID-19 pandemic has introduced unprecedented risks associated with intubation and general anaesthesia with the potential transmission of a novel and potentially fatal airborne disease. Local anaesthesia, when used appropriately, can provide safe and effective analgesia without the risks...

Contrasting contemporary plastic surgery training with that in the late 20th century: ‘thirteen years a slave’

The Past Was I a slave? Absolutely not. I loved every minute of my training. I had the choice of career pathway as a young surgeon, but I was hypnotised by enthusiasm and a desire to help people with major...

The role of angiogenesis in wound healing, scarring and tissue regeneration

In the UK alone there are 175,000 people who visit Accident & Emergency departments with burns each year. This results in around 13,000 hospital admissions, of which 1000 are due to severe burns [1]. Over half of these admissions are...